The Misery by Anton Chekhov Essay Example

The Misery by Anton Chekhov Paper Name: Tutor: Course: Date: We will write a custom essay sample on The Misery by Anton Chekhov specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Misery by Anton Chekhov specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Misery by Anton Chekhov specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Misery by Anton Chekhov 1. Misery is a short story written by Anton Chekhov. Constance Garnett translated it from Russian to English. Chekhov began writing with the purpose of raising funds for his medical education at Moscow University and upkeep for his family. In 1884, the author graduated from the University and began his medical practice. In 1886, he published his acclaimed work, Misery. The story in question revolves around Iona Potapov, an old sledge driver. It is set a week after Potapov’s son dies in a hospital, during 19th Century Russia. Other characters in the story are a military officer, three young men, a house porter and a sleepy cabman. Potapov’s horse also plays a role in the story’s proceedings. The characters mentioned, have a significant role in bringing forward Chekhov’s ideals. Anton Chekhov proposes that human beings have no concern for each other’s hardships. Various instances in the short story show this. The story begins with Iona seeking for a customer in the snowy town. Eventually, a military officer boards his sledge. Chekhov portrays the officer as an impatient and rude character. During the ride, he is as a cautious person just as well. When Iona attempts to inform him of his grief, the officer does not pay attention. They reach their destination and the old man gets new customers, three young men. The young men are obnoxious and rowdy. They pay Iona an unfair fare for the ride. When the old man attempts to inform them of his son’s death, one of the young men rubbishes Iona’s words. The young men impatiently get off the sledge at their destination. The old man decides to end his day by going to the yard. Unfortunately, he has not made enough money to feed his horse with oats. At the yard, he meets a young sledge driver. He wishes to share his grief with him, but the sleepy young man continues with his sleep. Chekhov’s story ends with Iona detailing the loss of his son to his horse as no one else seems concerned with his affairs. Chekhov is a brilliant writer. Several aspects of his writing are admirable. First, his introduction of Iona is impressive. He uses a highly descriptive style. Chekhov first describes the evening. He then describes how snow fell on that occasion, and its effect on the people and objects in the area. (Chekhov 168). Through this, the writer informs his readers that the story begins at the evening and ends at night. This instance also provides us with the season during which the story takes place. The writer also introduces the old man’s hardship through his stillness, in thought. Chekhov also provides the reader with a good description of the old man’s poor driving. He explains that the old man is restless. The writer compares the sledge’s seat to thorns. Chekhov also describes the old man’s difficulty in focusing on the road ahead. Iona, therefore, drives the sledge in a hazardous manner, nearly causing an accident. This situation provokes the military officer to speak to Iona. In turn, the old man sees this as the opportunity to justify his current state. Iona tells the officer of his son’s death. However, the officer interrupts the speech with his commands. The author uses a descriptive style to highlight the hunchback’s response to Iona’s hardship. He describes the manner which the hunchback licks his lips and coughs. This instance helps in showing the hunchback’s reluctance to share the old man’s grief. Anton Chekhov’s depiction of the characters is admirable. He develops them alongside the story’s argument. The military officer is a dismissive character. First, he assumes that Mr. Potapov is asleep by laying still. The officer asks the old man whether he is asleep or not (Chekhov 169). During the ride, Iona speaks to his passenger. At first, he assumes that the officer is ready to listen to the story of his son’s death. However, the officer closes his eyes and pretends to be deep in thought as the old man commences his story. The military officer portrays the notion that people lack genuine concern for each other’s affairs. Chekhov implies that people also take advantage of each other’s hardships in the story. He uses the three young men to portray this notion. The old man picks them up despite a terrible price for the sledge ride. (Chekhov 170). The writer explains that the old man has lost concern for the fare as his grief has occupied his mind. The three have an unsympathetic character. In response to the old man’s story, the hunchback cuts him off and tells him that they shall all die (Chekhov 172). The author portrays the sleepy cabman as a selfish person. He considers his sleep more important than listening to the old man. The writer explains that when Iona began to speak, the young man was fast asleep. Chekhov’s portrayal of grief in the story is admirable. He introduces the old man as a person stricken with grief to an extent that he is immobile. The author depicts Iona Potapov as a person who has separated himself from the society around him, and to an extent, reality. Chekhov describes the old man as white as a ghost, due to snow covering his body. Chekhov further highlights the old man’s stillness. This serves as a portrayal of his grief. When the military officer arrives, he thinks that the old man is asleep. However, he is simply sitting still in thought. The atmosphere in the story is described as dull and cold. This depiction is brought forward by Chekhov’s description of the weather. At the end of the story, the writer describes the old man’s lack of cash. As a result, he misses a meal, and his horse has to eat hay. This further contributes to the reader’s perception of the old man’s bad day. After finding no one to share his misery with, he switches to contemplation and watching his surroundings. Chekhov (174) writes, â€Å"Can he not find among these thousands someone who will listen to him? However, the crowds flit by heedless of him and his misery†¦His misery is immense, beyond all bounds. If Iona’s heart were to burst and his misery flow out, it would flood the whole world, it seems, but it is not seen. It has found a hiding-place in such an insignificant shell that one would not have found it with a candle by daylight†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Through this instance, Anton Chekhov depicts his theme of loneliness. His choice of words further enables the reader familiarity with Iona’s miserable situation. In the end, the old man decides to share his grief with his horse. After all, nobody else is interested in sharing his story. The writer informs us that Mr. Potapov’s horse listens to him as it feeds on hay. Chekhov’s story raises many questions in a readers mind. In the story, the author tackles the old man’s situation casually. A reader wonders whether misery and isolation is a daily phenomenon. From the text, the author depicts sadness as a matter of daily occurrence. Chekhov informs us that the old man’s sadness leaves for a short while, and then comes back heavier than before. The answer provided is unsatisfactory. This is proven when contemporary life is taken into consideration. Not every day happens to be a miserable day. The author has taken a disdainful stance towards the female gender. The writer implies that women are of minimal importance, and all they do is weep during serious situations. This is a derogatory pronouncement. In his efforts to create conversation with the young man, Iona should have thought of a different subject. The writer’s words may upset an audience consisting of the female gender. In the story, Chekhov implies that no person bothered to listen to Iona Potapov’s story of hardship, only an animal did. The author describes the anxiety the old man felt as he looked at the crowd. When it hits him that all the people he sees are strangers, and none is concerned with his bereavement, his pain intensifies. From that, readers wonder whether humans are so cold and ignorant of one another, focusing on themselves instead. Chekhov should have provided at least one instance of an understanding person. It is a reader’s opinion that strangers may not be compassionate to an individual’s suffering. It does not concern them, and they will try to maintain their distance. Furthermore, a reader may deduce that the writer’s sick state of health, at the time of writing, may have disoriented his thoughts on society’s positive aspects. However, Chekhov’s story is highly successful in showing that people have little concern for each other’s problems. 2. Towards the end of the story, Chekhov explains Iona’s desire to speak to someone by comparing his desire for a conversation with the aforementioned man’s thirst. When he discovers that the younger man is asleep, he thinks of what he can use as a conversation starter. However, he ends up talking to his white mare. He tells the horse, â€Å"That’s how it is, old girl. . . . Kuzma Ionitch is gone. . . . He said goodby to me. . . . He went and died for no reason. . .(Chekhov 174)† The writer explains that Iona’s horse eats as it listens to the old man. Chekhov tells us that this simple act carries away the old man. From this, a reader may deduce the ending as a relatively happy one. The writer has solved the conflict of the story. The old man yearns for someone to listen to what he had to say, throughout the story. Amazingly, the horse grants his wish, as he feeds it hay. However, Chekhov should have adopted a different end to the story. An ending with the man talking to the horse is unsatisfactory. A horse is incapable of providing compassion to the old man. Furthermore, the horse is unable to understand the old man’s problems. Furthermore, it is an assumption that the old man knew the horse was listening to him. After all, the writer describes that the old man was carried away as he spoke to the horse (Chekhov 175). As stated earlier, Chekhov wishes to show that people have lost compassion for each other, during times of suffering. Towards the end of his story, Chekhov contradicts his earlier proposition. The writer states that the old man had not earned enough to pay for his horse’s oats. He relates this situation to the misery he has experienced throughout that day. The old man further states that people who have enough to eat ate always happy with their situation (Chekhov 174). From that instance, the old man implies that his misery is attributable to lacking enough money, and in consequence, food. That statement discounts the old man’s earlier need to share his grief, on his son’s death, with strangers. An appropriate ending should reflect the writer’s earlier argument on the old man’s grief. The best ending would be right before the author says, â€Å"His misery is immense, beyond all bounds. If Iona’s heart were to burst and his misery to flow out, it would flood the whole world, it seems, but it is not seen. It has found a hiding-place in such an insignificant shell that one would not have found it with a candle by daylight. . . .(Chekhov 170).† In that scenario, the story ends with an aura of misery. Iona wished for a person to listen to him, which nobody did. This ending enables the story to maintain relevance to the stated theme. Scenarios such as the talk with his horse, and the young man, are cut down on. Such an ending also emphasizes the cruelty of people, as portrayed by the crowd. The story has a dull mood, as described by the weather and speech. The proposed ending will enhance the story’s mood. Furthermore, at the chosen point in the story, a reader experiences its climax. An ending at the suggested point will serve to enhance literary t ools such as suspense to the reader. In the story, Anton Chekhov presents an interesting argument. He implies that humans have lost concern for their counterparts in the society. Various instances justify this thought, in the story. This article supports the aforementioned notion. However, it also mentions differing ideals, to provide an argument to Chekhov’s views. The writer’s positive aspects receive acknowledgement in the essay. Just as well, the article raises various propositions, for the purposes of improving the story. In this light, the essay provides an appropriate alternative to the previous ending. Works Cited Top of Form Chekhov, Anton P, Okla Elliott, Kyle Minor, and Constance Garnett. The Other Chekhov. Fort Collins, Colo.: New American Press, 2008. Print. Top of Form Bottom of Form Bottom of Form

Evolution Labs - Coacervates Lab

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POEMS - Essay Example The poem illustrates the theme of productivity among the American citizens in the totality of its stanzas. In at least each line of the poem, it (the poem) mentions and describes individuals engaged in an activity geared towards productivity. The productivity here is economic and it encompasses all Americans as illustrated in the first line of the first stanza as: â€Å"I hear America singing, the varied carols I hear† (Wallenfeldt, 2012, 26). This first line indicates that the carols in the poem are not from one source, but many sources with a common goal: productivity. The poem â€Å"I hear America Singing† has deployed a huge use of repetition to add more weight and emphasis on the theme. The clause â€Å"makes ready for work, or leaves off work,† in the 4th line brings out the repeated word â€Å"work†. The word â€Å"work† in this line informs that productivity here is achieved only through physical involvement in jobs (Wallenfeldt, 2012, 26). Moreover, the â€Å"singing† has been repeated to put emphasis on how Americans enjoy any practice of productivity they are involved in. Exploration of the reader’s emotions is the most critical part of a poem and what better way to do it by employment of imagery? In the poem â€Å"I hear America Singing† imagery has been employed to reach the needed emotional attachment between the reader and the poem. The line â€Å"The shoemaker singing as he sits on his bench, the hatter singing as he stands,† brings an image to the reader’s mind making them understand the flow and the meaning of the poem (Oliver, 2006, 97). â€Å"I hear America Singing† is a poem showcases great flow of ideas coupled with a fine language use which describes its rhythmic details. Each line in the poem conveys similar information, but only with great emphasis for instance â€Å"The delicious singing of the mother, or of the young wife at work†, each line has an ideological connection with the previous

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Studying Peter Hunts Motivation To Children English Literature Essay

Studying Peter Hunts Motivation To Children English Literature Essay Peter Hunt writes that some idea of a child or childhood motivates writers and determines both the form and content of what they write (2009a, p13). Prompting that an authors choice of book type and content stems from their image of the child they are writing for, elements of which come from their own ideology of society and childhood often shaped by their own lifestyles. It is arguable however if the authors idea of childhood is indeed their motivation or if there are other factors in their writing that point to an additional agenda. In considering Hunts statement we will see the changing childhood ideologies of Victorian and postmodern realism in Louisa May Alcotts, Little Women (1868), and Melvin Burgesss Junk (1996), and also the differing concept of childhood in fantasy literature with Phil Pullmans, Northern Lights (2004). It is also significant to discover what constitutes the authors notion of childhood in their books, and if there are external elements which can shape the co ntent and form of childrens books such as mass marketing and the commodifying of children. Early childrens literature was highly didactic and as Zipes (2009) suggests even the earliest renderings of fairytales were designed to turn children into the type of adults their societies would prefer. Its First Golden Age from the later half of the nineteenth century introduced a change in how we viewed children, we began to celebrate the joys of childhood, (Carpenter, 2009) the most notable books entertained and also gave their readers a sense of empowerment and individuality. An example of such a novel is Louisa May Alcotts Little Women, following the narrative tradition of domestic and informative stories for girls such as Sarah Fieldings The Governess (1749), and ostensibly remaining within the conservative restrictions of her era, Alcott presents the contemporary life of four sisters growing up during the American civil war. Her book, written as a request by her publisher to fill a niche in the market, is to all appearances moralistic and patriarchal. The title, as phrased by the childrens father little women'(Alcott,1868, p12)  [1]  exemplifies the Victorian ideal of childhood, where children were seen as miniature adults and taught the puritan morals to be dutiful , obedient , hard-working and God-fearing (Styles,2009), puritan John Bunyans Pilgrims Progress(1678) is used extensively throughout the book . Little Womens third person omniscient narration is also in quite a condescending adult voice effecting to keep the March girls as children who need guidance, even when they mature, Amys lecture did Laurie good, though, of course, he did not own it till long afterward (LW, p384).The narrators frequent interjections with opinions and views guides the readers into making the required conclusions, thereby giving instruction to its girl readership on how to be good wives and mothers. Arguably however as Fetterley (2009) suggests there are statements within the novel that portray an undercurrent of ambivalence, showing Alcotts perhaps true feelings to opportunities available according to gender and class, depicted primarily in her portrayal of Jo an antagonistic of the submissive young girl of the times. Alcott herself was rather an oddity of her time, a spinster, woman activist and the family breadwinner, her motivation to write was often purely financial (Alderson, 2008). Accordingly Jo is often seen as based on Alcott, portrayed as a talented headstrong writer, Beths words You are the gull, Jo, strong and wild, fond of the storm and the wind, flying far out to sea, and happy all alone.'(LW, p361), echo Alcotts own lifestyle, yet could also be seen as advice to her girl readers to embrace their freedom, rather than their expected domesticity. Even the outwardly repressive marmee, and her ideas of marriage the sweetest chapter in the romance of womanhood (LW, p95), also states better be happy old maids than unhappy wives'(LW, p95). She also occasionally shows her ambivalence to her life, Mother isnt sick, only very tired, (LW, p 109), as Hannah their housemaid points out housekeeping aint no joke (LW, p109) and as Alcott is perhaps trying highlight, domesticity is not so wonderful a role to aspire to. Alcott quite understandably given her precincts denied any subversion in her novel yet it is arguable that it contains many instances of her own childhood. In her journal she recalls the daily drudgery and struggle of her mother as she strived to sustain her family while her father as in LW gave little help (Alderson, 2008). Alcott used the then accepted ideal of the quintessential patriarchal Victorian family childhood and her own family memories to give form and content to her book. The March girls are lost in their own wonderful family plays and games, a loving safe playful family unit that nurtured and trained the child, giving much needed stability to a society shaken by war. This was not however Alcotts only motivation, she disliked her own novel as she says I do not enjoy writing moral tales for the you ng, I do it because it pays well (Alcott cited in Alderson, 2008, pxxiii), and her covert messages of rebellion, portray distaste in the directives which shape the young, especially girls, to be compliant adults. Her novel is also motivated and shaped by her social stance on opportunities available to the gender, class and race of her time, Little Women represents childhood as preparing for future roles, yet covertly it also uses its representation with the potential to disturb societal expectations. Over a century later Melvin Burgess again fills a publisher recognised niche in the teenage market also focusing on the adolescent experience, Junk is unrestrained from nineteenth century conservatism in its graphic depiction of the fall of two runaways into prostitution and drugs. Burgess states children or young people should read about their lives not idealistically but as they really are, his characters are not invented but based on his memories of real people, he also does not preach to his readers yet allows them to evolve their own conclusions, (Burgess, 2009). It has been said Junk neither glamorises nor demonises drug addiction (Falconer, 2009, p375), yet Junk conceals a strong sense of morality within its text, its principles obscured so the book appears to be non didactic or opinionated and so appeal to Burgesses idea of the modern teenager. Junks individual character narration lends to a documentary style of neutrality, yet textual guides bring the reader to the required conclusions, as Tar says If you dont mind not reaching twenty theres no argument against heroin, is there?'(Burgess, 1996, p166)  [2]  , Gemma is the spoilt little runaway child How do you think her parents feel? asked Vonny. They were just keeping her in. Its not like Tar is it?'(Junk, p75). The events have a moralistic ending, Gemma recognises they have all been deceiving themselves and condemns them all to their fate; her own is to be a single mother. Such reality based writing lends itself as Tucker(2009) says to the authors belief that childhood is primarily a transitional stage leading to adulthood giving readers the truth is seen as providing them with an important aid to their own eventual better understanding of themselves and others (p190). Junk follows this form well, Burgess gives his child readers autonomy in interpretation, viewing them not as innocents, but inexperienced young people, who need empowerment and guidance to make the right decisions. As we have seen i t is impossible to read Junk and come out defending heroin or the runaway, it could be said that Burgess brings Alcotts moral tale for the young into todays modern world. Yet in challenging the ideology of the innocent child, Junks view of childhood is at the opposite end of the spectrum to that of Little Women, he dispels the nostalgic innocence critics connect with childhood. His explicitness Lily said, Ive been a little prossie for half an hour (Junk, p158) foregrounds how altering conceptions of the childà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦can cause both controversy and anxiety among consumers (Squires, 2009, p189), leading to Burgess having to defend his authorial intent over the charge of sensationalism. In response to criticism from Anne Fines, and defending the explicit nature of his books, Burgess says Underneath Annes whole article is that same nasty sneer I remember from when I was small How revolting. Arent you a dirty little boy? the same attitude which was exactly what made me want to write the thing in the first place (Burgess, 2004). It could then be suggested that part of his motivation was indeed to rebel against as he calls it the moral majority (Burg ess, 2009, p317), and stretch the boundaries of appropriate childhood reading matter. Nevertheless saying that drugs and underage sex are what teenagers want to read about could perhaps show that Burgess himself has a distorted idea of todays childhood. An idea he needed to uphold in order to construct his model of the non-reading (conceivably moronic) teenager and defend the sensationalism of his novel, he is perhaps modelling his child to suit the aspirations of his book. Junks content worked as a hook for his teenage audience and also generated him much publicity, conceivably showing another aspect of his motivation, content and form set to shock the critics, produce an outcry and gain him notoriety, all in addition to providing teenagers realistic age related literature. His post modern realism , takes the assumption that children are not innocent, but they still need guidance, also that in order to connect with todays child , this guidance must be hidden allowing the reader per ceived autonomy in their decisions. Burgess also shows a sad irony in the loss of childhood, Gemma wanted a slice of life'(Junk, p161) but could only find this in leaving home, unlike the March girls, in Junk childhood was something to be quickly left behind in order to really live. An authors understanding of childhood as Hunt says can influence the form of their writing , those who see childhood more as an end to itself may prefer literature that is clearly more fantasy based (Tucker, 2009, p190). Phil Pullmans Northern Lights conforms to this ideology using a fantasy world to rewrite the biblical story of creation. Eighteenth century philosopher Rousseau stated that Nature wants children to be children before they are men (Jenks, cited in Hunt, 2009, p23), he believed childhood should be a time of innocence , with children allowed to grow at their own pace not forced into civilisation. Pullmans similar view on childhood freedom is apparent in Northern Lights , Lyra is safe and happy in the freedom of Jordon College, What she liked best was clambering over the college roofs'(Pullman, 2004, p36)  [3]  , as she grows her freedom is stifled by the intervention of her mother, state and church . Poet William Blake also used Rousseaus concept of natural innocence, corrupted by adult intervention, and Pullman uses Blakes contraries and commentary on Miltons Paradise Lost to reverse the morality of the biblical fall to celebrate knowledge (Squires, 2009, p278). He advocates the co-existence of good and evil (body and soul) and free will, which the church refuses to, acknowledge (Bird, 2009, p264). As such Northern Lights, casts an unfavourable light on how religious fundamentalism suppresses knowledge, the Magisterium symbolising the church is shown as repression and death, killing the children whose souls or daemons it removes as it endeavors to preserve innocence all that happens is a little cut, and then everythings peaceful .For Ever!at the age we call pubertyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦daemons bring all sorts of troublesome thoughts and feelings (NL, p283). Pullmans idea of the child is shown in Lyra, her innocence and freedom of mind give her the ability, unlike adults, to easily read the alethiometer, Lyras childlike state'(Squires,2009, p281) when reading makes her feel like a young bird learning to fly'(NL, p152). Which is a suitable metaphor for how she represents Pullmans main concepts of innocence and experience, seeing similar attributes in young people giving them the ability to deal with significant issues free from outside influence; as he says he hopes that young readers will finish à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦having gained the understanding that trusting ones own thoughts and feelings is an essential part of self-discovery and growing up (Travis, 2010). Through his use of the fantasy form Pullman is able to transgress difficult subject areas normally out of bounds within a childrens book, capturing his young readers imaginations while keeping the stark realities of his metaphors at bay. He insists on realism and the real implications of his fantasy stories (Wood, 2009, p274), exhorting his readers to take an activist role in creating the world that they want. So saying If I write fantasy, its only because by using the mechanisms of fantasy I can say something a little more vividly about, for example the business of growing up (Rustin and Rustin , 2003 ,cited in Montgomery, 2009, p255). Within Northern Lights, Pullman shows Lyras growth from innocence, he demonstrates the malleability of childhood with the changing form of the childrens daemons that represent their character , which set at puberty into the type of person they are, for example he was a servant , so she [the daemon] , was a dog (NL, p7). Pullman promotes childhood as an innocent time when children are impressionable and make the important decisions that mould their moral fibre, he follows the traditional pattern of childhood freedom, as seen in the like of Ransomes Swallows and Amazons() as the children create their own idyllic morally responsible world (Squires, 2009, p282). Northern Lights uses the Magisterium to establish anti-religious ideology and shows the infallibility of religion in that Lyras saviours are those marginalised and demonised by society; the non religious gyptians (gypsies), risk all to rescue the children, and the witches save their lives in the final battle. Such radical views may seem better placed in adult literature yet as Reynolds (2009) informs avoiding cultural spotlight is one reason why writers may find themselves drawn to write for children (p109). Pullman may be using childrens literature as a vehicle to publicly air his opinions on religious fundamentalism safely hidden within childrens fantasy, to a less judgmental audience. It could be that Pullman simply finds this medium more liberating; however Northern Lights also manipulates its readers opinions in line with Pullmans, ultimately, as with Junks evils of heroin, the reader cannot fail to see the Magisterium as the evil villain. Pullmans use of fantasy fiction proves he can more succinctly air his own opinions, and he could be seen as using the medium of childrens literature in the same way. As he states there are some themes, some subjects too large for adult fiction; they can only be dealt with adequately in a childrens book (Pullman, cited in Falconer, 2009, p378). His view on how we underestimate the potential of the young in order to maintain our own nostalgic view of childhood has certainly shaped the form and content of his book. Reynolds (2009) informs that childhood is a time to negotiate and find a place in society, yet more so with Northern Lights it is also about developing individual potential suited to a future in which societies could be different in some significant ways'(p100). It could perhaps then also be said that Alcott, Burgess and Pullmans motivation to write for children is also their aspiration to create a better society, So Lyra and her daemon turned away from the world they were born in, and looked towards the sun, and walked into the sky (NL, 397). As authors draw on their ideals to write for their audience, it is the book publishers who set the market trends and decide what children would like to read and subsequently influence what an author writes, an area touched upon with LW and Junk. Twenty first century novels show a commodification of childrens literature (Squires, 2009), in which we also see the decline of the individual author with publishers such as Working Partners, where a storyline is created by a conglomerate of author /editors then given to a writer to create the book (EA300, DVD2). Thus providing a quick turnaround and commercial sense but little scope for individual ingenuity and signifying that as Hunt (2009b) says, the cart of marketing, is driving the horse of creativity (p81). A further consideration on external influence is the competition from digital media, which as Burgess (2009) says also has a great impact on what children are exposed to, compounding the difficulty in producing literature that appeal s to the modern child ,a fact he uses to support his hard hitting realism. Childrens literature has been seen to catalogue social, economical and political changes, embolic of societys view of childhood (Hunt, 2009b, p71), a view set as the gate keeping adult world considers what children need to read, putting additional pressure for authors to produce the right book. In conclusion to Hunts statement, it would seem that in order to write a childrens book, the author must indeed have an idea of the child they are writing for, and this determines the form and content of their novel. Yet as we have seen they are also motivated by their own additional agendas, and this can lead to their constructed child being modified for their own purposes and also manipulated by the forces of modern media and marketing. This contributes to the complexity and often popularity of a novel that can then be read on many levels, Pullman could be seen as writing a religious allegory, propaganda or an adolescence adventure story. Authors still have their own view of what childhood should be, and incorporate this into how they believe it is or wish it to be seen. Our realistic view of the modern child is radically different from earlier popular books, such as Little Women, or Swallows and Amazons and as contemporary writers make efforts to loose the nostalgic view of childh ood innocence, there is also the concern that we are now ending childhood too soon, and as Jacqueline Wilson says forcing children to conform to societys teenage image (EA300, DVD2). Yet from Little Womens childish carefree plays to Junks depiction that children are now living real life adventures, we find that, as Lyra does, there is still always hope in childrens books. Childrens literature as Hunt (2009a) says shows what society thinks of childhood, and also what the author and we as adults need to believe it represents.

The Exchange Student :: Personal Narrative Writing

The Exchange Student I remember when Camy came to live with our family for a year. It seemed my mother had been pestering me for months about the idea of hosting an AFS student. Long before she even crossed the Atlantic from Italy on an airplane, Camy entered the daily conversations and thoughts of my mother. To be precise, I believe it was April of my junior year in high school. "Do we have to talk about this now?" I kept asking, wanting to push the idea into some sort of vacuum that sucked it to the back of my mind. "You’ll love her," my mom said. "We’ve heard such good things about her from the Mudge family. They hosted her cousin Checo." "I hate how you always try to make me do things," I said, slightly raising the level of my voice. "Eric, now you know I’ve never made you do anything you didn’t want to do." I was ready for her though. "Oh yeah, what about the horseback riding lessons in first grade that I had to take?" I said, recalling the image of the seven-year-old perched on top of a brown pony with the reigns in hand, as the over-sized riding helmet slid from his forehead down over his eyes. I stopped those lessons as soon as my instructor told me the next step was learning the gallop. "And what about the swimming lessons with that awful lady who made me put my face in the water and count to ten." This time I saw my instructor, sitting by the edge of the pool, her navy swimsuit fit snugly to her body, spreading out the excess flab of her pale thighs. I remember looking at her the instant before I went under, hoping she would give me a last second reprieve from my face plunging exercise. Instead, all I saw was her wide grin, and all I heard was the lapping of the pool water against its sides. "Oh Eric," my mom said. "You’re really impossible some times." "Thanks mom, thanks," I said. And with that, I had managed to put the decision on hold one more time. That is, until my father brought it up at the dinner table a month later. I’m sure we were having my dad’s legendary spaghetti and sauce the night they picked Camy. I often wonder if my father had truly planned pasta night because he wanted to discuss an Italian girl coming to live with us for a year.

Operation management Essay

a) Introduction The company that our group chose to study is City of Dreams Macau (COD), which is located in Macau Cotai coherent highway. COD is a diversified entertainment resort, which contains a rich set of entertainment, grand hotel accommodation, international cuisine, internationally renowned brands as well as casino. Luckily, we found a manager in entertainment and progress department of this company to help us conduct an interview. The information of this manager are as follows: Manager name: Huà ¡ dà ¬ Telephone number: 66884314 Position: Theatre Director Main responsibilities: All ticketing and frontline day-to-day operation of Atrium, Dancing Water, Hard Rock pool party, The Junyue MMA boxing matches, CUBIC ticketing and TABOO. COD’s corporate goal, as stated by Lawrence Ho, is to become the tourist resort that makes Asian and even the global tourists to have multi-day stay, and to consolidate Macau as Asia’s leading leisure and tourism center. COD locate in one of the most competitive area in Taipa, Macau. There are several entertainment resort hotels, such as Venetian, Sands Cotai Central, Galaxy Macau these competitors. COD has to keep its competitiveness to fight with them. So COD provides with some entertainments (like the house of Dancing Water, Dragon treasure, etc.) to attract the customers to come to COD to achieve corporate goal. In order to improve staff quality, entertainment and progress department also cooperate with HR department to offer training program to staff. Staffs can go for training as long as they are available. In corporate positioning, COD believes that it takes the advantage of providing something different than other competitors by implementing the differentiation strategy, for example, offering Dancing Water, Atrium to customers. COD also has high requirement on the  entertainment activities they offered. In the past, COD once thought of opening a cinema. However, COD thinks cinema is not very high-end and it will low the elegance of COD, so COD rejects the consideration at last. b) Current Operations The current operation is to provide above entertainments to customers and make sure that the entertainment activities go smoothly. The manager has to measure ticketing and frontline workings keep running. In the ticketing, the manager said COD provide 60~70%‘s ticket for internet sell, and the rest of the ticket will provide to the agent like travel agencies, these agencies will sell the tickets to the group customers. The manager said COD won’t overbook the ticket to get the maximum profit, because their shows are unique, and they care more about the quality rather than the quantity. They have to take-care some special needs person, providing convenience to them. COD tries to get a balance between making profit and remaining service quality. Show cancellation & Compensation COD sometimes face problems of show cancellation of Dancing Water and receive complaints from customers. Also, there may have some mistakes on the daily operation, so the customers will not satisfy the services and have complaint with COD. For the compensation part, COD build a compensation standard to deal with customer complains. The general approach is to take the customer complaint at first place, for example, ticket refund. However, if the compensation exceeds the company’s standard, then COD will take company’s benefit at the first place (e.g. some customers will ask for airplane tickets refund and it will be transferred to higher level manager to determine the compensation level). Also, COD’s management group will have meeting every week to discuss complaint affairs and try to analyze whether it is due to guests vexatious or they have some shortcomings. If they think that they are not doing well, then they will think of ways and make improvement. Decentralization Instead of centralization, COD tends to have decentralization because they believe that this is more effective. COD depend on staffs to help monitor  the operations of entertainment activities, so manager do not need to deliberately spend efforts on ensuring the operation of activity is smooth and they can focus on the overall operations. Staffs can directly go to their supervisor when they encounter problems. Also, manager will assign some employees who are in higher position to help monitor the lower level employees’ performance, as well as daily operation of activity. Supervisors directly ask the higher level staffs about the problems on work(e.g. do small circle of people exist and is there any employee they find that is difficult to get along with others ) in order to get a respectively good understanding about what’s going on of daily operation. Reward system There is no reward system implementing now for the staff performance. According to the interview, there was a reward system before, employee who performs well will get free coupons of restaurants in COD, concert tickets, shopping tickets, or dancing water tickets, etc. as a bonus. However, it was cancelled due to the inefficiency. In the past, company let employees to vote for the best employee, and it causes problem that employees will vote to their friends, instead of having an evaluation about who is the best employee. COD think that it cannot reflect the truth and is meaningless. Therefore, COD now cancel the reward system and use the money to hold department activities, e.g. BBQ or order take-away for all employees in the department. Training COD use decentralization to let employees help maintain the current operations. Employees have to handle problems met by them. Therefore, training is an important way to ensure staffs’ quality and performance. The manager said the COD do very well in staff training, COD provides many training courses to the staffs to improve their work quality and skills. In usual time, they will post a form that includes all the training courses available along with corresponding time schedule, staffs can decide which training course to participate in accordance with their working time. COD will try to accommodate staffs’ working time to provide training courses. If it is not possible to arrange the suitable time for the staffs, regular work should be taken in the first place. Staffs can join the training course  after finishing the work. In most of the time, COD won’t enforce the staffs to participate training courses, staffs participate these training course voluntary. But there are some training courses that are compulsory to every staff according to COD’s requirement. For example, in the future, COD will open a new show in CUBIC, and COD will arrange each employee to watch the â€Å"CUBIC† show at least once. So the staffs will know about the show and what is the process of the show. c) Opportunity of improvement Decentralization Although it is a good idea to let all employees help monitor the daily operations of activities, so manager can focus more on the overall operations, there also some drawbacks caused by decentralization. According to the current operations, employees report to manager directly if they find problems on daily operations. It raises possible problems like: (1) The quality of work may be poor because there is no clear responsibility assigned to specific employee. The monitoring work conducted by employees may not be efficient. If there are problems that employees failed to recognize, manager may not know, because employees’ reporting is the only way for manager to get detail daily operating information from employees, it affects the operation activity in the short run if the problem is not negligible. (2) No regular meeting is required for manager and employees to exchange information. Regular meeting is an important way for reporting, if there is no such a meeting, employees are not encouraged to raise problems they found. They may first try to solve the problem when they find it, instead of reporting to their manager. Therefore, some problems may be hided and it causes bigger problems if the problem is crucial to the organization. Moreover, employees may not have a very good understanding of the company’s strategy and may make inappropriate decisions without fully understanding the big picture. Reward system No reward system is implemented in current operations due to the former unsuccessful reward system. Employees’ individual performance is not linked with reward. Employees may be less motivated. Show cancellation In the interview, we asked the COD manager â€Å"What the most difficult problem that you had faced.† The COD manager answered us is the show cancellation, which is a big problem for an entertainment resort. We can find some news about COD canceled the show. According to the news, COD suddenly cancel three shows of the â€Å"house of Dancing Water†. There are a lot of audiences already booked the tickets in a few days ago, they received message from COD about the show cancel after they arrived Macau. This thing disturbs their plan. COD claim they need to cancel the shows because of the technical problems, and they will return the ticket fees, but they won’t compensate the other loss, so audiences feel angry and disappointed with COD. This thing will hurt the image and reputation of COD, it can decrease customers that want to come to COD to watch the show, and decrease the profit. d) Solution Decentralization 1) Manager should provide training to staffs in order to strengthen their awareness of responsibility. Manager may also provide some guideline to staffs about what they should do if they encounter problems. Moreover, instead of fully depending on staff reporting, manager may take time to supervise daily operation if needed. 2) Hold regular meetings for information exchange. With regular meetings, employees will have formal way to express their opinions or problems they found, so problems can be improved or solved in a more efficient way. Reward system According to the interview, the former reward system is based on the vote of employees among each other, and this would easily cause about inequity. We recommend that COD may develop a reward system for a trial using different voting method. Instead of basing on the vote among employees, the department should create a criterion chart for all the employees to be monitored by the supervisor. Once the employee performs great in some area, she/he will get a point in that part. The final score is the cumulative score of every part. At the end of one period, the entire criterion chart should present the  degree of performance of the employees, which could be the grounds to decide which employee to get the rewards. See whether employees’ performance have improved under implementing the new reward system by making evaluation from period to period. If the result is good, then company should consider implementing a reward system in order to encourage employees for better performance in the long-run. This kind of solution will eliminate some bias of the evaluation. Not basing on the evaluation among employees, monitored by supervisor will be more just to use the reward system. Show cancellation We think out some suggestions for the COD to solve this problem. (1) Develop a contingency plans. The staffs of COD must make advance notice about the show cancellation message to the customers, and then arrange the customers to return the tickets, getting back the fees. This can mitigate the dissatisfaction of customers and reduce other unnecessary loss. However, sometimes we cannot expect accidents, which are some aspects we cannot control, and it is hard to tell the customers early. (2) Second, open the other facilities of the hotel. Customers come to COD to enjoy the service and entertainment, and if I was one of them, I don’t want just go back home because of the cancellation of the shows I want to watch. So COD can open some facilities to these customers to ensure they still have an awesome experience in COD. For instance, Venetian has the In the other hand, COD can give these customers equivalent coupons, and they can spend some time in COD, and use these coupons to buy anything in the hotel. Of course, this method needs the cooperation among many involved departments. (3) And the last is to prepare a backup show. If a show has to be cancelled, customers can choose to watch the backup show. But not every customer wants to watch another show because they come for shows that they want to watch, and the cost of backup show is not cheap. Therefore, customers can also ask for refund and buy the ticket next time with a discount. e) Implementation After communicating the suggestions we made for the manager, he said that implementing our solution to the company right now was not practical. Their  decisions need to be made based on some professional analysis. However, he listened to our solution and gave his own comments about the effect of those solutions: For the decentralization part, he thinks holding regular meetings is one of the possible way for staffs to raise problems they found, but managers always need to manage so many things and may not have enough time to do that. For the reward system part, we suggested that to build a new reward system using different voting method. However, according to the manager, biases also exist if using this method. However, there will be two potential problems: 1 There is a grey area between just and unjust, and once the supervisor decides the reward, it’s complicated to say the manager will be definitely just to everyone. The bias might exist still; 2 The supervisor has many things to deal with; there might be some overlook in employees’ performance, which will be hard to monitor all the aspects. For the show cancellation part, sometimes advance announcement is not possible because of the suddenly occurred error. In other way, COD should consider the cost problem if they want to satisfy customers by providing them equivalent coupons. The cost problem also exists in the back-up show suggestion. Conclusion After the interview, we can get some information about the operations of the entertainment fields in the COD. In the daily operations, it depends on the staffs to maintain the operations and solve the problems. COD also provides some training courses for staffs to participate, but these training courses are optional, which means not every staff has enough skills to handle the difficult level operation problems. One of the COD’s selling points is its wonderful shows, these shows attract a lot of people to come. But sometimes, because of some reasons, COD have to cancel the show, which means they need some good back up plans to appease the angry of customers, and try to decrease the loss. COD is a big entertainment resort hotel in Macau. From the interview, we can find out that COD actually do a good job in its operation.

Free Essays on Hypochondriasis

Hypochondriasis, a somatoform disorder, takes tremendous tolls on patients, doctors, and medical facilities every year. Hypochondriasis is the persistent belief that one is or is likely to become ill, often involving symptoms when illness is neither present nor likely, and persisting despite reassurance and medical evidence to the contrary. The diagnosis of hypochondriasis is simple and is not debated among doctors. The cause and treatment of hypochondriasis is where doctor’s ideas and processes differ. The possible causes and the different approaches on treatment of hypochondriasis are compared. Hypochondriasis not only affects the victims, but it affects doctors and medical facilities as well. Researchers estimate that a low of 3% to a high of 14% of all medical patients have Hypochondriasis.(Moglia p888) They tend to burden their physicians with frequent visits that take up excessive amounts of time. According to one estimate, Hypochondriasis racks up some twenty billion dollars a year in wasted medical resources in the United States.(Lemonick, 2003) With hypochondriasis, the problem is the patient’s excessive worry and mental preoccupation with having or developing a disease, not the disease about which the patient is so worried. The diagnosis of Hypochondriasis is made when the patient’s dread about the disease or diseases impairs normal activity and persists despite appropriate medical reassurances and evidence to the contrary. Neuropsychiatrist Dr. Brian Fallon believes that it is easy to identify a hypochondriac as long as the doctor is aware of the dis order and â€Å"has the right antenna out.†(Lemonick, 2003) The treatment of hypochondria can vary from doctor to doctor, but the key is to disrupt the cycle. Fallon realized a similar comparison in obsessive compulsive disorder and hypochondriasis and decided to test Prozac and similar drugs used for the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder on hypochondriac patien... Free Essays on Hypochondriasis Free Essays on Hypochondriasis Hypochondriasis, a somatoform disorder, takes tremendous tolls on patients, doctors, and medical facilities every year. Hypochondriasis is the persistent belief that one is or is likely to become ill, often involving symptoms when illness is neither present nor likely, and persisting despite reassurance and medical evidence to the contrary. The diagnosis of hypochondriasis is simple and is not debated among doctors. The cause and treatment of hypochondriasis is where doctor’s ideas and processes differ. The possible causes and the different approaches on treatment of hypochondriasis are compared. Hypochondriasis not only affects the victims, but it affects doctors and medical facilities as well. Researchers estimate that a low of 3% to a high of 14% of all medical patients have Hypochondriasis.(Moglia p888) They tend to burden their physicians with frequent visits that take up excessive amounts of time. According to one estimate, Hypochondriasis racks up some twenty billion dollars a year in wasted medical resources in the United States.(Lemonick, 2003) With hypochondriasis, the problem is the patient’s excessive worry and mental preoccupation with having or developing a disease, not the disease about which the patient is so worried. The diagnosis of Hypochondriasis is made when the patient’s dread about the disease or diseases impairs normal activity and persists despite appropriate medical reassurances and evidence to the contrary. Neuropsychiatrist Dr. Brian Fallon believes that it is easy to identify a hypochondriac as long as the doctor is aware of the dis order and â€Å"has the right antenna out.†(Lemonick, 2003) The treatment of hypochondria can vary from doctor to doctor, but the key is to disrupt the cycle. Fallon realized a similar comparison in obsessive compulsive disorder and hypochondriasis and decided to test Prozac and similar drugs used for the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder on hypochondriac patien...

Leadership and Management Essays - Leadership, Social Psychology

Leadership and Management Essays - Leadership, Social Psychology Anthony P. Moreno LDR/300 Leadership and Management January 25th 2016 Abstract I will be discussing the differences between leadership and management with definitions, personal examples and examples from the text. Leadership is something that we all need in any environment or situation that we are in. Management is mainly found in organizations and in the work environment. Leadership is a process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal.(Northouse, 2013) Management is about seeking order, planning, staffing, stability, organizing, and controlling in organizations to help them work productively and systematically. In the military there are different jobs that each sailor contributes just like any other job. Some jobs or duties are more important than others. At my job we have some leaders that are not good at managing and we have some management that are not very good leaders. For example, if we have a mission to complete and they managed what our mission is, organized it, set up our briefing beforehand for it and gave us a timetable of when we should land and be back, but they usually dont go on the missions with us. This is when a leadership stance comes in and takes over. Just because a certain mission is managed step by step something can always go wrong with any little thing like low fuel, broken part on the plane, not unloading cargo fast enough and we may miss our time table because of these mishaps. Leadership comes into play because someone steps up and decides what is best for our safety and determines how we will be able to continue with the mission or it has to be put on hold until we fix what needs to be fixed. Some of the different leadership roles are motivation; this role helps the entire team function with a positive mindset because they have someone who wants them to succeed behind them. Leadership helps establish direction for the team by setting strategies and being able to make clear of the big picture. Some management roles are to organize and provide structure like rules and procedures. Management produces order and consistency by also controlling and using problem solving. These roles are different between leadership and management because a management role is to seek order and a leadership role is to pursue constructive change. According to Northouse (2013), Defining leadership as a process means that it is not a trait or characteristic that resides in the leader, but rather a transactional even that occurs between the leader and the followers. The leader isnt born a leader, even though that is a common saying. A leader develops a certain skills when in groups and takes the role by helping teach people and encouraging people to succeed to their common goal. Leadership involves influence. Without influence, leadership does not exist. (Northouse 2013) The trait perspective suggests that certain individuals have special innate or inborn characteristics or qualities that make them leaders, and that it is these qualities that differentiate them from non leaders. (Northouse 2013) References Northouse, P. G. (2013). Leadership: Theory and practice.

Maintain the Profitability of the Cinema Term Paper

Maintain the Profitability of the Cinema - Term Paper Example A cinema manager requires a much-diversified personality to handle the programs of the cinema, customers, and employees of the company. Along with his set of responsibilities, the cinema manager requires to conduct marketing so that more people visit the place.   He also requires handling budget affairs to ensure that the highest quality of the film is depicted along with its availability and the response it is getting from the audience. (Kleynhans, 2006)The role and responsibility of the passionate candidate will be as follows; The manager requires, being able to lead all the operations of the cinema. He is required to plan, develop and initiate such programs through which the cinema can advertise movies. He should also be required to recruit and train the staff which is under his control and also manages shifts and payment of the staff. The budget of the cinema is also in its control. The manager also needs to ensure that all the staff pertaining in the company are met with health and safety regulations in the venue, and there are facilities provided to the staff if they are inhibiting any issues (Kleynhans, 2006). The cinema manager requires being able to have collaboration with the different representatives in the community to promote films in the local society. He should be aware of the upcoming movies, the demand of the audience people in general. Through these collaborations with the audience and community, the cinema manager can ensure that people get the opportunity to view the movies which are in demand and a target can also be set by these people to watch a particular movie every month or year (Cooper, Ivan, & Tinline, 2003). The cinema manager requires promoting films through events at the cinema. This can be done by hosting the films at the cinema, especially introducing film premiers and other film festivals that will be able to promote films (Edenborough, 2007). It is the responsibility of the cinema manager to deal with the inquiries of the audience or the press relating cinema. The manager should be able to solve any issues or complaints regarding an attribute of the screening.

The Importance of Nursing Research in Clinical Practice Essay

The Importance of Nursing Research in Clinical Practice - Essay Example The importance of research in clinical practice is that it provides analysis used to guide nursing profession. Clinical nursing research is based on the problems arising from the practice. Nursing research is conducted on patients facing real problems and the analysis gives chances of solving the problems through the upgrading of nursing care. There are two types of research that is basic and applied research. The basic research is undertaken to enlarge the foundation of understanding in the profession, produce or improve a theory. On the other hand, the applied research seeks to find solutions to existing problems. The research develops and supports clinical practice through recognition, exploration, prediction, explanation, description, and control of problems in the nursing practice (Polit & Beck 2004:18). The nurses in practice are expected to have immense knowledge and apply research and base their practice on evidence-based research. The evidence-based practice is the applicati on of the best evidence from research carried out by other health professionals and nurses to make patient care decisions. The nursing decisions based on evidence-based analysis are clinically suitable, cost-effective and results to positive patient outcomes (Polit & Beck 2014:3).A qualitative research is a wide word that covers various techniques and thoughts hence its complex nature. It is an approach that permits the study of people’s encounters in depth, by employing a particular set of research techniques.